Month: March 2016

An introduction to JEB Android Debuggers

=> Updated July 10, 2019
=> Other blog posts in the series:
– Debugging Android apps on Android Pie and above
– Crypto Monitoring with the Android Debuggers API
– Debugging Dynamically Loaded DEX Bytecode Files
– Advanced Debugger Usage via the Interpreter

Dalvik and native code debugging has been supported in JEB since version 2.2:

  • Linux ELF and Windows PE code object support (32-bit and 64-bit)
  • Disassemblers for Intel x86 and x86-64, ARM 32-bit (including floating point support), ARM 64-bit (Aarch64) and MIPS.
  • Debuggers for Android Dalvik virtual machines and native Android processes

This post presents the details and caveats pertaining to the Android debuggers, shows how to debug APK’s Dalvik and native code, and explains the debuggers limitations.

An on-going debugging session of Android Dalvik and native ARM code.

Introduction

Debugging closed-source Android apps has historically been challenging at best, close to impossible at worst. JEB took a stab at solving this problem by abstracting away a wealth of low-level details and caveats related to debugging so that analysts can focus on the Dalvik code and associated decompiled Java source, as well as native code.

The Android debuggers make the task of reverse-engineering complex apps, e.g. those using a mix and bytecode and machine code, finally possible in practice. With the rise of app protectors and obfuscators, support for full-scale debugging has become more and more pressing.  Earlier in February, we published a video highlighting one major feature of these debuggers: the ability to seamlessly debug to-and-from Dalvik and native code. We will explain in details how to use the features highlighted in the video.

Another area we will explore is the debugging API. The debuggers abide to the JEB IDebuggerUnit family set of interface. They can be used to automate debugging tasks, and allow for easy integration in analysis pipelines.

Requirements

The JEB Android debuggers run on all JEB-supported platforms (Windows, Linux, macOS). Please verify the following before attempting to start a debugging session:

  • Make sure to have the Android SDK installed. Ideally, you also want to have either ANDROID_SDK_ROOT or ANDROID_SDK environment variable pointing to the SDK folder.
  • Enable Developer options and allow USB debugging on the intended physical target device. (Debugging is enabled by default on the emulators.) On physical devices running Android 4.2 and above, one way to make sure of that is to run the adb devices command. If the device is shown as unauthorized, a pop-up on your phone will appear to request authorization.

Debugging non-debuggable apps

Normally, only apps whose Android Manifest explicitly has a debuggable flag set to true are debuggable. However, this is rarely the case when analyzing in-the-wild applications, malicious or otherwise. In such cases, you have several options.

  • Run the app in an emulator. Emulators have the ro.debuggable property set to 1. This means they will debug all apps, regardless of the debuggable flag in the Manifest.
  • Use a rooted phone. A rooted phone will allow you to modify the ro.debuggable property, and change it from 0 (standard on production devices) to 1. The rooting process is out-of-scope for this document: it is device specific and rooting instructions can easily be found online. As for ro.debuggable, we will explain how to change this system property in a separate blog entry.
  • Unpack/modify/repack your app. (Update: JEB can do this for you) Depending on whether the Manifest is obfuscated or not, this may be the simplest option. If the Manifest is obfuscated, the repacking process may not work. Another caveat applies: signing. You will have to sign the repacked app using your own key; be aware of the implications if you choose that option. 1

Caveat: Native code in non-debuggable apps

When it comes to debugging native code of non-debuggable apps on a rooted phone or emulator, other limitations apply. 2 JEB tries its best at abstracting them away. However, things might be unstable depending on which phone and OS is being used. Do not hesitate to let us know if you encounter issues.

Note that most of our tests are done on Nexus devices running vanilla Android 5.1 and 6.0. Using similar devices for debugging will likely reduce the chances of running into corner-case problematic situations.

Starting a debugging session

Currently, JEB can start Android debugging sessions only when analyzing APK files. If your main artifact in JEB is an orphan DEX file, the UI client will refuse to start a debugging session.

First, retrieve your target APK and get the app ready for debugging:

  • Make sure the APK matches the one that will be executed on the target phone. You can download the APK using adb 3:
    • adb shell pm list packages -f to retrieve a list of packages and the associated path to APK
    • adb pull <pathToAPK> to download the APK
  • Start the app on the phone
    • Via the App Launcher for instance, if attaching to an already running app is an acceptable scenario
    • If you want the app to wait for the debuggers to attach to it before it starts executing any code, you can run something like: adb shell am start -D -S -n <packageName>/<activityName>
      • A popup will be displayed on the phone, indicating it is waiting for a debugger to attach to the VM

Second, in the RCP desktop client:

  • Start an analysis of the APK file
  • Open a view of a main DEX file
  • Once the focus is on the DEX view, open the Debugger menu, and click on Start…
The Debugger/Start, used to start or attach a debugger, is available once the code view of a support Code unit has the focus. Here, the focus was on Dalvik bytecode.

In the Attach dialog window:

  • Select the target phone and the target process that matches your app, and click Attach.
  • Unless you tick the “Suspend all threads”, The app will be immediately be run/resumed after attaching.
  • The process filter is normally filled out with the APK package name. Simply press enter to filter out entries.
  • (No longer the case) Your entry must have a D flag. This flag indicates that the target device will accept incoming debugger-attach requests to the target process. If you are trying to attach to an entry that does not have this flag, the operation will fail.

  • After attaching, the app, you should see one or two additional nodes in the Project tree view.
    • If the app does not contain native code: there will be one node, representing the Dalvik VM debugger
    • If the app contains native libraries (*.so files in lib/ folders): there will be an additional node to represent the native code debugger
  • When a debugger is successfully attached, the corresponding node has a light green background.
Example: Two debugger nodes (VM, Process) currently not yet attached to the target
Example: One debugger node (Dalvik only) currently attached to the target

Views and layout

  • Open the VM debugger views by double-clicking the VM unit node. At this point, you will want to customize your layout: debugger views can seriously clutter the workspace area. See an example of customized layout below:
This customized layout shows: – the code hierarchies (Dalvik, Native) in the lower left corner – the VM debugger views stacked on the top right corner – the Process debugger views stacked on the lower right corner – the Console and Logs at the bottom

Layouts can be customized via the Window menu; more details can be found in a previous blog entry.

The debuggers should now be attached.

  • The Process debugger is never paused after attaching
  • The VM debugger is paused if and only if the “suspend threads” option box was ticked

Keep in mind that pausing the Process debugger (ie, suspending the native threads) will obviously freeze the higher-level Dalvik VM!

Next up, let’s review the debugger controls and controls.

Basic debugger controls via the UI

Active debugger

The most important thing to remember about debugger controls is that the UI controls affect the debugger related to the view currently focused.

Unlike most tools, JEB allows multiple debuggers and debugging sessions to take place at once. Therefore, be mindful of which debugger is being controlled when pressing menu entries or toolbar buttons: If the focus is within the DEX view or any VM debugger view, the controls are connected to the VM debugger; if the focus is within a code view connected to the Process debugger, the controls are connected to the Process debugger.

Controls

Basic debugger controls can be accessed via the Debugger menu or the toolbar area. They allow:

  • Attaching, detaching, terminating the process
  • Pausing and resuming the process and, possibly, its individual threads
  • Stepping (into, over, out of)
  • Toggling execution breakpoints 4
The toolbar contains a subset of the most common and useful controls, that are also accessible via the Debugger menu.

Not all controls can or are implemented for all debuggers. Currently for instance, pausing individual threads of the Process debugger is not possible. When a control is not available, depending on which control it is and the severity of the failed operation, the user may be unable to activate it (eg, grayed button), receive an error in the logger, or receive a pop-up error in the client.

Breakpoints can be set/unset using the handy Control+B (or Command+B) shortcut. An icon is displayed in the left vertical bar of a code view to represent enabled/disabled breakpoints .

One enabled and one disabled breakpoints.

Debugger views

Here are some of the views rendered by the UI client when visualizing a debugger unit. (Other views were added over time.)

  • The Threads view displays thread identifiers, status (running, suspended, waiting, etc.) as well as the stackframes when a thread is paused. Depending on the target processor, there may be one or more stackframes, showing the location (program counter register or address)  of the current thread.
  • The Breakpoints view displays active and inactive code breakpoints. (More on breakpoints and breakpoint types later.)
  • The Locals view shows the generic variables registers. They can be virtual slots of a VM, registers of a native process, complex variables inferred by the decompiler, etc.
Debugger views of a running Dalvik VM
Debugger views of a paused Dalvik VM. Stackframes are visible, along with some local variables.

Every debugger has specifics that are relevant to the target being debugged. While the JEB API and front-end are trying to abstract the nitty-gritty details away, there are times when generic controls are not enough. In the next section, we discuss how users can issue such commands via the debugger console.

In the case of the Dalvik VM, the Locals view can be used to display complex objects or arrays, as is shown below:

Variables view of the top-level frame of a suspended Dalvik thread

In the case of local variables, the type of a Dalvik slot (v0, v1, etc. ) is usually inferred thanks to the Dalvik decompiler. A JEB build that does not ship with the decompiler will not be able to display most frame variables accurately.

Live variables overlays

When a thread is paused, the debuggers (native as well as Dalvik’s) provide overlay information when the mouse cursor hovers over registers, variables, class fields, or any other visual element that holds data.

Overlay on a Dalvik frame variable
Overlay on a class instance field

In the case of the Dalvik debugger, overlays also work in Java decompiled views.

Advanced controls via the console

The debugger units make use of the IUnit.getCommandInterpreter method to provide clients with command interpreters to execute advanced debugger commands, that may not be readily made available by graphical clients.

In the UI client, command interpreters offered by units are accessible via the Console tab. Once the Android debuggers are attached, switch over to the Console view, and type list. This command will list all command interpreters currently attached to the console:

Two interpreters are made available, one by the VM debugger, another one by the Process debugger

An interpreter has a numeric id as well as the name of the unit that created it. Switch to an interpreter with the use <id|name> command.

Switching to the interpreter connected to the Process debugger

The special command help, available in all interpreter contexts, lists all commands made available by the interpreter currently in use.

Functions provided by the Process debugger interpreter

In this example, we can see that the Process debugger offers ways to read and write to memory, set registers, and also issue low-level GDB commands (use this option carefully).

Settings

The Android debuggers offer options to control low-level debugger parameters, such as ports and timeouts.

The .parsers.dbug_apk.* engines options

If you wish to disable native debuggers entirely, set the DoNotUseNativeDebugger to true.

API for Scripting and Automation

Debugger modules in JEB implement the set of interfaces contained in the com.pnfsoftware.jeb.core.units.code.debug public package. The principal interface in this package is IDebuggerUnit. Plugins, scripts, or third-party clients wishing to automate the usage of debuggers can us these well-defined interfaces. The official UI client uses this public API. Anything that the UI client does (and more) can be done and/or automated by third-party code.

Check out our post on Android crypto primitives hooking to see how the API can be used to retrieve pre-encryption or post-decryption data on the fly.

Within the next couple of weeks, we will upload sample code on our GitHub repository demonstrating how to use the JEB Debugger API.

Sample code making use the of the JEB Debugger API

More on scripting: https://www.pnfsoftware.com/blog/crypto-monitoring-android-debuggers-api/

-nicolas

  1. A technical implication is that apps performing health checks such as signature verification can easily detect that they have been signed by an unauthorized key. But then again, running an app on a rooted phone or an emulator is also something easily detectable. Each method has its advantages and shortcomings, be aware of them. ↩
  2. They mostly have to do with the run-as Android utility. JEB ships with a modified version of the utility to allow debugging the native code part of non-debuggable apps. ↩
  3. We strongly recommend our users to get familiar with the Android system tools and debugging tools ecosystem, in particular adb, am, and pm. ↩
  4. Toggling breakpoints on and off is currently not available in decompiled views. ↩

Analysis of Android.Golem downloader component

Recently, we came across a new malware which seems to be a module of a recent Android trojan named dubbed Golem.

Golem has been found in several countries and hundreds of thousands of phones have already been infected, according to reports.

We performed detailed analysis of the malware using JEB, the operations achieved by the malware can be divided into several steps:

Step 1

When user start the phone or unlock the screen or light the screen, the malware will automatically download a file named “conf_plugin.txt” which contains configuration information like “update”, “md5”, “url”, etc.

Step 2

Then the malware will check if there is a jar file named “ic.jar” in phone memory, if not or if its md5 is different from the md5 in “conf_plugin.txt” (which means the local dex is different from the dex in remote server), malware will download the dex.

Step 3

After that, the malware will install and run the dex and execute the “onCreate” function in the “com.facebook.mini.service.RunService” class.

The complete process can be represented by the graph below:

Based on the analysis, the malware can automatically download, launch and run application without user’s authorization. The downloaded apps will run with the set of permissions already requested by the downloader:

Through this malware, the attacker can easily get your personal information, contacts or even bank accounts and passwords. Also, the attacker can remotely control your phone to open specified application and perform some bad operations to make illicit profits.

Sample SHA256:
3cb7a4792725d381653fcca18d584f9fbe47d67f455db03e3c53e8e8e7736385

Analysis by Ruoxiao Wang

Deobfuscating Android Triada malware

The Triada malware has received a lot of news coverage recently. Kaspersky was one of the first firm to publish an analysis of this Trojan earlier last week.

The code is obfuscated, and most strings are encrypted. The string encryption algorithm is trivial, but ever-changing across classes: bytes are incremented or decremented by constant values, either stored in a default decryptor method, or retrieved via calls to other methods. The result is something quite annoying to handle if you decide to perform a serious static analysis of the file.

Encrypted string buffers in Triada. Decryption routines can be seen in the decompiled class on the right-hand side.

Our intern Ruoxiao Wang wrote a very handy decryption script for Triada. It needs customizing (the decryption keys are not automatically retrieved) on a per-class basis, but the overall effort is a couple of seconds versus hours spending doing tedious and repetitive semi-manual work.

The script will decrypt the encrypted byte arrays and replace the decompiled Java fields supposedly holding the final strings by their actual value, as seen in the picture below.

Decrypted strings. Comments (in the left-side red box) indicate the string use was not found via xrefs. The right-side red box shows updated String fields after decryption.

The script can also be used as a tutorial on how to use the JEB Java AST API to look for and modify the AST of decompiled code.  (More examples be seen on our GitHub sample script repo.)

Download the Triada decryptor script here:
TriadaStringDecryptor.py

(Specific instructions are located in the script header.)